Implante de válvula aórtica percutánea con técnica de sedación consciente / Transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation under conscious sedation: experience in 15 patients

Background: Transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is the standard of treatment for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AE) and intermediate or high surgical risk. The use of conscious sedation (CS) could reduce complications and allow an early discharge of these patients. Aim: To report our experience with TAVI under conscious sedation. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of 15 patients aged 79 ± 6 years (53% women) undergoing a transfemoral TAVI implant under conscious sedation. Results: The indications for the procedure were severe AE in 13 patients and biological prosthetic dysfunction in two. The mean Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality score was 7.3. The valves used were Edwards Sapien 3 in three patients, Medtronic Evolut in five, Boston Acurate Neo in four and Meril Myval in three. A successful implant was achieved in all cases and there were no hospital mortality or pacemaker requirements. One patient had a stroke, and one patient had a vascular access complication. Early discharge (< 72 h) was achieved in 80% of patients. Conclusions: TAVI under conscious sedation was a safe procedure and associated with a complication rate similar to previous reports, allowing for an early hospital discharge in most patients.

Valvuloplastía en estenosis mitral moderada a severa por sobre reemplazo valvular, según criterios de Wilkins: reporte de un caso / Valvuloplasty in moderate to severe mitral stenosis over valve replacement, according to Wilkins score: case report

INTRODUCCIÓN: La valvulopatía reumática es una entidad aún frecuente en Chile, siendo la válvula mitral la más afectada. Su principal motivo de consulta es disnea progresiva. Sin tratamiento tiene mal pronóstico debido al estrechamiento progresivo de dicha válvula. En la actualidad es posible tratarla mediante cirugía abierta y valvuloplastía mitral percutánea. En este caso se revisa y discute las indicaciones actualizadas de cada una, destaca al ecocardiograma para la selección de los pacientes, y analiza las ventajas y desventajas de las diferentes técnicas. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: Mujer de 44 años, con estenosis mitral, disnea progresiva en Capacidad Funcional (CF) III de 3 años de evolución. Se realiza ecocardiografía transtorácica que demuestra estenosis mitral severa de etiología reumática y se decide cirugíade reemplazo valvular. En el ecocardiograma transtorácico para evaluación preoperatorio se concluye score de Wilkins de 5 puntos por lo que se sugiere realizar valvuloplastía mitral, resultando exitosa sin complicaciones y con aumento de área mitral a 1,9 cm2. DISCUSIÓN: Inicialmente se planteó cirugía de reemplazo valvular, pero al realizar el ecocardiograma preoperatorio se decide realizar valvuloplastía mitral por sobre cirugía debido al score de Wilkins. Éste score es la herramienta más utilizada para decidir entre estas dos técnicas, y según últimos estudios puede ser mejorado con la inclusión del parámetro de calcificación comisural evitando de esta manera sus principales complicaciones.

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatic valve disease is still common entity in Chile, being mitral valve the most affected. His main complaint is progressive dyspnea. Without treatment has a poor prognosis due to progressive narrowing of the valve. It is now possible to treat by an open surgery or percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. In this case we review and discuss the indications, highlight the echocardiogram for patient selection, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques. CASE PRESENTATION: 44 years old woman with mitral stenosis, progressive dyspnea Functional Capacity (CF) III of 3 years duration. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed demonstrating severe mitral stenosis of rheumatic etiology and decides valve replacement surgery. In transthoracic echocardiography for preoperative evaluation concludes Wilkins score of 5 points so it is suggested mitral valvuloplasty proving successful and uncomplicated mitral area increased to 1.9 cm2. DISCUSSION: originally was raised valve replacement surgery and because of the preoperative echocardiogram is decided to perform mitral valvuloplasty instead of surgery because of Wilkins score. This score is the most used tool for deciding between these two techniques, and according to recent studies can be improved with the inclusion of commissural calcification parameter thus avoiding its major complications.

Quiste hidatídico hepático complicado con invasión a vena cava inferior y embolización de membranas hidatídicas a aurícula derecha: caso clínico / Hepatic hydatid cyst invading inferior vena cava with embolic membranes to right atrium: report of one case

We report a 30 year old female admitted with a story of right upper quadrant pain and previous hepatic surgery for hydatid disease. A thoracoabdominal angio CAT sean and transesophageal echocardiogram revealed a mass located in the right atrium. The patient was operated and the right atrial mass was excised. Pathological study of the surgical piece confirmed a hydatid cyst. Post operative recovery was uneventful.

La hidatidosis es una zoonosis parasitaria, de mayor incidencia en el sur de Chile. Su localización más frecuente es hepática y pulmonar. Sus complicaciones derivan de su crecimiento y afección de estructuras adyacentes o de su ruptura a cavidades. Presentamos un caso de quiste hidatídico hepático complicado, en una paciente que debutó con cuadro de dolor abdominal localizado en hipocondrio derecho producto de una lesión quística hepática con comunicación a vena cava inferior, siendo intervenida en su hospital de origen. Posteriormente AngioTAC y ecocardiografía transesofágica confirmaron masa intra auricular. Se realizó extracción de la masa bajo paro circulatorio con hipotermia profunda, correspondía a membranas hidatídicas y trombos adheridos a ella. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente.

Cirugía de revascularización miocárdica de la arteria descendente anterior con arteria mamaria interna izquierda sin circulación extracorpórea: Experiencia en el largo plazo / Beating heart anterior descending coronary artery grafting with left internal mammary artery: A long term follow up experience

Background: In recent years the use of left internal mammary artery (LIMA) as a gran to anterior descending artery (DA) with the offpump technique has been associated with similar good long term results as with the on pump technique. Aún: To repon the results of LIMA to DA bypass grafting without extracorporeal circulation (EC) for isolated DA lesions. Patients and methods: Descriptive study of 80 patients subjected to coronary surgery between 1999 and 2007. Results: Mean age ofpatients was 63 + 10 years and 60 were male. There was no operative mortality or stroke. One patient with a myocardial infarction required a reoperation. Actuarial survival was 98% at 97 months. Conclusions: In this group ofpatients the use ofLIMA as a coronary bypass gran to DA with the off pump technique is a safe surgical procedure, providing a prolonged cardiac event free survival (mortality, angina, myocardial infarction, and need for a new coronary procedure).

Fibroelastoma valvular aórtico como causa de accidente cerebrovascular embólico: reporte de un caso / Aortic valve fibroelastoma as a cause of an embolic cerebrovascular accident: a case report

Los tumores cardíacos son una causa rara de accidente cerebrovascular embólico. Comunicamos el caso de una paciente de 65 años quien debuta su historia con un accidente cerebrovascular. El estudio de fuente embólica con ecocardiografía transesofágica demostró un fibroelastoma de la válvula aórtica en el borde libre del velo no coronariano. El tumor fue extraído mediante circulación extracorpórea. El estudio anatomopatológico confirmó el diagnóstico y la paciente se encuentra en capacidad funcional I y sin síntomas neurológicos a 19 meses de seguimiento.

Background: Cardiac tumors are an infrequent cause of an embolic source and aortic fibroelastoma is even more rare as causative of a stroke. We report a 65 year old female with no particular clinical history admitted to the hospital with an embolic cerebrovascular accident whose embolic source study with a transesophageal echocardiogram revealed a fibroelastoma in the free edge of the non coronarian leaflet of the aortic valve. The patient was subjected to surgery by means of extracorporeal circulation and the tumor was excised. The pathological study confirmed the diagnosis. Post operative recovery was uneventful with no neurological damage and after 19 months of follow up she is in functional class I.

Miniesternotomía para cirugía valvular aórtica: experiencia inicial en un centro cardiovascular en Chile / Ministernotomy for aortic valve surgery: report of 20 patients

Background: Aortic valve surgery can be performed through a reduced mid sternotomy with excellent long term results. Aim: To report the initial results obtained with this technique. Patients and methods: Descriptive study of 20 patients aged 48±11 years, subjected to valve replacement surgery for aortic valve disease between 2004 and 2007. Arterial and venous cannulation were performed with the usual method and extracorporeal circulation was performed with a mean perfusion of 4.5 L/min. Hypothermia and cardioplegia were performed infusing the hematic cardioplegic solution at 4°C in the aortic root or coronary ostia. Results: Sixteen patients were in functional class (FC) III. Fourteen patients had aortic insufficieney and six had predominant stenosis. There was no operative mortality One patient had a left hemothorax and was reoperated. All patients were discharged between 4 and 6 days after surgery. Mean follow up was 21 ± 4 months. AU patients are in FC I and free from cardiac events. Echocardiographic assessment was done in 16 patients, showing a good motility of valve disks. Actuarial survival probability was 100 percent and probability of freedom from cardiac events was 100 percent at 42 months of follow up. Conclusions: Ministernotomy is an excellent approach for aortic valve surgery providing good visualization ofthe ascending aorta, simplifying the surgical technique.

Factores asociados a mortalidad en la cirugía de reemplazo valvular por endocarditis complicada / Risk factors related to mortality in heart valve replacement for complicated endocarditis

La Endocarditis Infecciosa (El) es una enfermedad grave, dada por la agresividad del agente sobre el aparato cardiovascular y otros órganos. La cirugía de reemplazo valvular (CRV) es el tratamiento definitivo frente al fracaso del tratamiento médico, la cual está asociada a una elevada mortalidad al presentarse con daño estructural severo. Objetivo: Evaluar los factores asociados a mortalidad en pacientes sometidos a CRV por El. Pacientes y método: Estudio descriptivo de 32 pacientes consecutivos sometidos a CRV en el período 1993-2005, consignando antecedentes clínicos que determinen una probable mortalidad. Resultados: La mortalidad global fue de 25 por ciento, principalmente en los primeros 15 días (60 por ciento). Los principales factores asociados son sepsis (p =0.002), la cirugía mitro-aórtica (p <0.001) y la presencia de alcoholismo (p =0.049). La probabilidad de supervivencia actuarial es de 78 por ciento a 146 meses. Conclusión: La mortalidad de nuestra serie es semejante a otros centros, existiendo un mayor riesgo en los primeros días post CRV. El reemplazo bivalvular y la presencia de sepsis son los principales factores de riesgo precoz.

Infectious endocarditis is a severe illness related to the aggressiveness of the microbial agent to the cardiovascular system. Heart valve replacement surgery is the definitive treatment in these patients but is related to high mortality when the structural damage is severe. Objective: To assess risk factors related to mortality in patients operated for complicated endocarditis. Patients and method: Descriptive study of 32 patients operated between 1993-2005 period in which clinical factors were evaluated and related to mortality. Results: Overall mortality was 25 percent, mainly in the first two weeks after surgery (60 percent). Mortality related risk factors were sepsis (p =0.002), mitro-aortic replacement (p <0.001) and alcoholism (p =0.049). Actuarial survival probability is 78 percent to 146 months in the group. Conclusion: Mortality is similar to others cardiac centres and is higher in the first two weeks alter surgery. Mitro aortic replacement and sepsis are the main factors of early mortality risk.

Cirugía de la endocarditis infecciosa en un centro regional en Chile: Análisis de casos y resultados en el largo plazo / Surgery for bacterial endocarditis: Retrospective study of 32 patients

Background: Surgery for active endocarditis is indicated in cases of congestive heart failure (CHF), persistent sepsis, systemic embolization and paravalvular involvement. Aim: To assess and report the long term results of surgery in adult patients. Patients and methods: Retrospective review of clinical records and operative procedures of 32 patients aged 43± 13 years (28 women) subjected to reparative surgery for complications of endocarditis between 1993 to 2005. Results: In 25 percent of cases, endocarditis presented as a prolonged sepsis syndrome and in 31 percent as a CHF or both. The causative bacteria was Gram (+) in 53 percent and blood cultures were negative in 47 percent. Preoperative echocardiography showed vegetations in 56 percent of cases. An annular abscess, aortic valve rupture and bicuspid valve, was observed in 13 percent of patients. Post operative mortality was due to persistent sepsis and multiorganic dysfunction in 16 percent. Mean long term follow up was 43.8±47.2 months. Actuarial survival was 78 percent at 146 months. Conclusion: Surgical management of active endocarditis provides a good symptomatic recovery, with an excellent long term actuarial survival.

Revascularización miocárdica de la arteria descendente anterior con arteria mamaria interna izquierda: comparación de dos técnicas en el largo plazo / Anterior descending coronary artery grafting with left internal mammary artery with and without extracorporeal circulation: comparison of two techniques in the long term follow up

En años recientes el uso de arteria mamaria interna izquierda (LIMA) como injerto a la arteria descendente anterior (DA) sin circulación extracorpórea (CEC) ha demostrado resultados similares a la técnica convencional. Objetivo: Comparar y comunicar los resultados obtenidos con el uso de LIMA a DA con y sin CEC en lesiones aisladas de la DA. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo de 85 pacientes en quienes se realizó cirugía coronaria entre 1992 y 2004. Resultados: Edad promedio fue 62.5 años (DE + 9.575, rango 35-77 años), 59 de sexo masculino; el test de ANOVA no demostró diferencias entre los grupos en relación a factores de riesgo preoperatorios, características angiográficas y presentación clínica. 40 pacientes fueron operados con CEC y 45 sin CEC. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio y en ventilador mecánico fue mas corto para el grupo sin CEC (p<0.005). No hubo mortalidad operatoria, infarto miocárdico, accidente cerebrovascular o necesidad de reoperación en el grupo con CEC. Se realizó una reoperación en 1 paciente sin CEC. En el seguimiento hubo 2 muertes alejadas debido a falla cardiaca y renal avanzadas en el grupo con CEC y ninguna en el grupo sin CEC. La probabilidad de sobrevida actuarial fue 96 por ciento a 139 meses en el grupo con CEC y 98 por ciento a 64 meses en el grupo sin CEC. Conclusiones: En este grupo de pacientes el uso de LIMA como injerto a la DA con ambas técnicas es un procedimiento seguro, el que provee un tiempo prolongado libre de eventos como mortalidad, angina, infarto miocárdico y necesidad de un nuevo procedimiento coronario en el seguimiento a largo plazo.

Background: In recent years the use of left internal mammary artery (LIMA) as a graft to anterior descending artery (DA) with the off pump technique has been associated with similar good long term results as with the on pump technique. Aim: To compare and report the results of LIMA to DA bypass grafting with and without extracorporeal circulation (EC) for isolated DA lesions. Patients and methods: Descriptive study of 85 patients subjected to coronary surgery between 1992 and 2004. Results: Mean age was 62.5 years (DE+9.575, range 35-77 years), 59 were male, ANOVAtest showed no differences between groups related to preoperative risk factors, angiographic characteristics and clinical presentation. 40 patients were operated on pump and 45 off pump. Mean operative time and time in mechanical ventilator were shorter for the off pump group (p<0.005). There was no operative mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke or need of a reoperation in the on pump group. There was a reoperation in 1 patient in the off pump group. In the follow up there were 2 late deaths because of advanced cardiac and chronic renal failure in the on pump group and none in the off pump group. Actuarial survival probability was 96 percent at 139 months in the on pump group and 98 percent at 64 months in the off pump group. Conclusions: In this group of patients the use of LIMA as a coronary bypass graft to DA with both techniques is a safe surgical procedure, providing a prolonged time free from cardiac events as mortality, angina, myocardial infarction, and need of a new coronary procedure in the long term follow up.

Revascularización miocárdica de la arteria descendente anterior con arteria mamaria interna izquierda con circulación extracorpórea: seguimiento a 10 años / Myocardial revascularization of the anterior descending coronary artery with left internal mammary artery by means of extracorporeal circulation: 10 years follow-up

Background: The use of left internal mammary artery (LIMA) as a graft to anterior descending artery (LAD) has been associated with better long term results in coronary surgery. Aim: To assess and report the long-term results of LIMA to LAD bypass grafting for isolated LDA lesions. Patients and methods: Retrospective analysis of the medical records and surgical protocols of 40 patients (aged 60±10 years, 28 male) subjected to coronary surgery between 1992 and 2002. Results: Thirty-four patients presented with unstable angina. On angiography, the LAD had a proximal obstruction in 35 patients. Sixteen presented with a myocardial infarction of the LAD territory. Six were managed previously with angioplasty; four had a new critical obstruction, 1 was catalogued as a procedure failure, and one was totally occluded. There was no operative mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke or need for re operation. There were two late deaths, caused by an advanced cardiac failure at 120 months in one patient, and chronic renal failure at 61 months of follow-up in another. Actuarial survival probability was 100%, 93% and 75% at 1, 5 and 10 years. Probability of freedom from angina was 98%, and freedom of suffering a new myocardial infarction was 100% at more than 10 years. The probability of no need for a new coronary procedure (angioplasty or surgery) also was 100% at more than 10 years. Conclusions: The use of LIMA as a coronary bypass graft to LAD is a safe surgical technique, with an excellent duration and permeability and also provides a prolonged time free from cardiac events as mortality, angina, myocardial infarction, and the need of a new coronary procedure.

Cirugía de la comunicación interauricular en adultos: resultados a largo plazo del cierre quirúrgico / Surgical treatment of interatrial septal defect in adults: long term results

Introducción: La cirugía de la comunicación interauricular (CIA) tiene excelentes resultados a largo plazo en niños y también en pacientes operados en la etapa adulta. Objetivo: Determinar y comunicar nuestra experiencia respecto de los resultados a largo plazo del tratamiento quirúrgico de la CIA en adultos. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de 58 pacientes intervenidos entre los años 1991 y 2004. Cincuenta y seis tenían CIA tipo ostium secundum y 2 tipo seno venoso; 4 presentaron insuficiencia tricuspídea funcional. Veintiocho pacientes tenían hipertensión pulmonar moderada y 25 severa. El shunt promedio fue de 3.2 ± 1.016. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 31.8 ± 11.34 años; 42 pacientes eran de sexo femenino y 14 mayores de 40 años; 15 pacientes estaban en CF II y 43 en CF III (NYHA). En 56 pacientes el cierre del defecto se realizó con parche de dacrón, en 1 con pericardio autólogo y cierre directo en otro. En 3 pacientes se efectuó una anuloplastía tricuspidea y reemplazo en 1. Una paciente falleció por tromboembolismo pulmonar masivo postoperatorio, 3 pacientes presentaron fibrilación auricular transitoria y 1 paciente presentó un derrame pleural. La probabilidad de sobrevida actuarial fue de 98 por ciento a 176 meses y la probabilidad de estar libre de arritmias fue de 95 por ciento a 176 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia, el cierre quirúrgico de la CIA en el adulto provee una excelente mejoría sintomática, encontrándose la mayoría de los pacientes en CF I, con una excelente probabilidad de sobrevida y tiempo libre de eventos cardiovasculares en el largo plazo.